Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong stated that cryptocurrencies and stablecoins will become the preferred payment method for transactions between AI agents. He predicts that the number of agents will continue to rise, increasing the demand for transfers between them, while traditional bank accounts cannot open for software without government identification.

This stance is consistent with his previous statements. He has written that stablecoins are the best form of currency, and the second fastest-growing user group beyond humans is agents, asserting that stablecoins will become the default payment method for agents, with the company laying the groundwork for infrastructure. He also mentioned that the daily transaction volume of agents will eventually surpass that of humans, and the scale of the agent economy may exceed that of the human economy. He rejected the zero-sum argument that "those in crypto should switch to AI," defining crypto as a universal infrastructure akin to electricity and the internet.

The product rollout is a complete stack: the USD stablecoin USDC, the Ethereum Layer 2 network Base, the activation of the long-idle HTTP status code 402 through the x402 protocol, and wallets and enterprise payment solutions aimed at agents. When agents hit a payment interface, the server returns a 402, the wallet signs the stablecoin payment, and resources are released in the same network request without the need for login, subscription, or manual approval. On the enterprise side, it is already possible to receive USDC from agents in the same account, reconcile, and cash out, with idle balances earning rewards and no risk of debit card chargebacks.

The structural reasoning is based on fees and identity. Armstrong observed that about 76% of agent business transactions are below 30 cents, lower than the common fixed fee of about 30 cents for debit and credit cards, making one-cent tiered payments impractical on card rails. Agents cannot walk into a branch to open accounts, nor can they wait for several days for wire transfers. On-chain stablecoins settle per transaction, around the clock, and cross-border. According to disclosed metrics, x402 tracks the vast majority of transactions priced in USDC, with statistics claiming a share of over 99%, most of which occur on Base. In the past 30 days, the volume was reported at about 75.4 million transactions and $24.2 million, with the average transaction far below human retail. Independent on-chain research simultaneously pointed out that the identifiable "true agent business" may only account for a single-digit percentage, with the rest including tests, scripts, and speculative minting.

The protocol itself has transitioned from being a Coinbase unilateral product to governance by a neutral foundation, with members including Visa, Mastercard, Stripe, Adyen, AWS, Google, Circle, Shopify, and over forty others. Card networks are simultaneously launching their own agent payment tools. Block has integrated the Bitcoin Lightning Network into the same 402 process, attempting to add another settlement asset beyond stablecoins.

In market mechanics, this is a competition for low-value, high-frequency machine payments. The question is not whether "agents will spend money," but rather which clearinghouse will handle transfers below the economic threshold of card rails. The cost is borne by models and applications that need to purchase data, inference, and interfaces per transaction; the fees come from the reserves of stablecoin issuers, Layer 2 network gas and sorting, exchange conversions and custody, and channel fees for protocol facilitators. The pressure is on card groups that charge fixed fees per transaction and banks that require identity and address verification to open accounts. Funds are shifting from "human clicks once, card charges once" to "software pays itself, stablecoins settle instantly." Whoever makes 402 the default response for browsers and models will collect tolls in the machine economy first. The number of transactions can be large, but the dollar volume remains thin; current pricing reflects standard positions, not profit statements.

Source: Public Information