我今天刚提到了一辆全新的、闪亮的 HW4 版本特斯拉 Model X,于是立刻开出去做了一次 FSD(完全自动驾驶)测试,就像我曾经连续五年几乎每天都会做的那样。 说实话,我非常震撼——它开得非常、非常出色,平稳、自信,比我之前那辆 HW3(上一代) 明显更好;而且与我九年前刚到特斯拉、第一次在 280 高速上测试时的版本相比,那时每遇到一点弯道或坡度都得人工干预,如今的系统已是天壤之别。(注:这辆车运行的是 v13 版本,我还没收到最新的 v14 更新。) 在高速公路上,我的感觉就像坐在一辆超级高科技磁悬浮舱里——车身稳稳锁在车道中央,我从 Model X 较高的视野和全景前窗眺望外面,听着令人惊叹的音响系统,或与 Grok 聊天。 在城市道路上,车辆轻松应对了几年前曾让我失眠的复杂场景: * 在狭窄车道中避让来车; * 绕过施工区和临时停靠的车辆; * 在两侧都有来车的情况下准确完成左转; * 在四向停车路口中有序让行; * 在拥堵车流中巧妙挤入完成转向; 超越正在上下客的公交车、同时仍然为被公交遮挡的停车标志而停下;最后在路线结束时,它绕着停车场转了一圈,找到车位,然后……自己停好。整个行程几乎完美无瑕。 作为背景,我过去每次测试都会带回至少二十段“可改进之处”的视频片段。这次我像往常一样测试,却没有发现任何问题。完美驾驶,零备注。我知道团队还有漫长的“九个 9 的征程”(极高可靠性目标)要走,但令人兴奋的是,我们现在已经超越了“单次测试找 bug”的阶段——必须从整车队数据中去挖潜问题了。 当年,我只是理性上理解“车辆自主驾驶规模化”的巨大潜力(尤其是特斯拉这种完全基于视觉、端到端的方案),而现在,只要你上路驾驶一次,就能直觉地感受到。当然啦,当一个 60 Hz 环绕视频流 被送入一颗专用的“驾驶大脑”神经网络中进行处理时,它当然能行,而且会比人类司机更好、更安全。还有谁会怀疑吗? 我上周还看了 @aelluswamy 在 ICCV 2025 上的新演讲, 其中提到了推动这一进步的部分技术组件。传感器流(视频、地图、运动学、音频等)在约 30 秒的长上下文中输入到大型神经网络,输出转向与加速度信号,可选地带有可视化辅助数据。这正是梦寐以求的 Software 1.0 → Software 2.0 的彻底重写——它完全依赖于来自数百万辆车实时数据流与芯片算力的扩展,而不是某个工程师写的新 DoubleParkedCarHandler C++ 模块(还无法确定其内存或运行时表现)。 视频里还有更多关于“机器人 + 人工智能规模化栈”的未来方向的暗示:世界重建器、世界模拟器“梦境”动力学、强化学习——所有这些都是通用、基础、神经网络驱动的组件;而汽车,其实只是机器人的一种形式。大家理解到这点了吗? 向团队致以最热烈的祝贺—— 你们正在打造未来的魔法之物。 你们太棒了! 而我,爱死我的新车了 ❤️ I took delivery of a beautiful new shiny HW4 Tesla Model X today, so I immediately took it out for an FSD test drive, a bit like I used to do almost daily for 5 years. Basically... I'm amazed - it drives really, really well, smooth, confident, noticeably better than what I'm used to on HW3 (my previous car) and eons ahead of the version I remember driving up highway 280 on my first day at Tesla ~9 years ago, where I had to intervene every time the road mildly curved or sloped. (note this is v13, my car hasn't been offered the latest v14 yet) On the highway, I felt like a passenger in some super high tech Maglev train pod - the car is locked in the center of the lane while I'm looking out from Model X's higher vantage point and its panoramic front window, listening to the (incredible) sound system, or chatting with Grok. On city streets, the car casually handled a number of tricky scenarios that I remember losing sleep over just a few years ago. It negotiated incoming cars in tight lanes, it gracefully went around construction and temporarily in-lane stationary cars, it correctly timed tricky left turns with incoming traffic from both sides, it gracefully gave way to the car that went out of order in the 4-way stop sign, it found a way to squeeze into a bumper to bumper traffic to make its turn, it overtook the bus that was loading passengers but still stopped for the stop sign that was blocked by the bus, and at the end of the route it circled around a parking lot, found a spot and... parked. Basically a flawless drive. For context, I'm used to going out for a brief test drive around the neighborhood to return with 20 clips of things that could be improved. It's new for me to do just that and exactly like I used to, but come back with nothing. Perfect drive, no notes. I expect there's still more work for the team in the long march of 9s, but it's just so cool to see that we're beyond finding issues on any individual ~1 hour drive around the neighborhood, you actually have to go to the fleet and mine them. Back then, I processed the incredible promise of vehicle autonomy at scale (in the fully scaleable, vision only, end-to-end Tesla way) only intellectually, but now it is possible to feel it intuitively too if you just go out for a drive. Wait, of course surround video stream at 60Hz processed by a fully dedicated "driving brain" neural net will work, and it will be so much better and safer than a human driver. Did anyone else think otherwise? I also watched @aelluswamy 's new ICCV25 talk last week that hints at some of the recent under the hood technical components driving this progress. Sensor streams (videos, maps, kinematics, audio, ...) over long contexts (e.g. ~30 seconds) go into a big neural net, steering/acceleration comes out, optionally with visualization auxiliary data. This is the dream of the complete Software 1.0 -> Software 2.0 re-write that scales fully with data streaming from millions of cars in the fleet and the compute capacity of your chip, not some engineer's clever new DoubleParkedCarHandler C++ abstraction with undefined test-time characteristics of memory and runtime. There's a lot more hints in the video on where things are going with the emerging "robotics+AI at scale stack". World reconstructors, world simulators "dreaming" dynamics, RL, all of these components general, foundational, neural net based, how the car is really just one kind of robot... are people getting this yet? Huge congrats to the team - you're building magic objects of the future, you rock! And I love my car <3.

Andrej KarpathyFounder, Eureka Labs AI

观点原文

我今天刚提到了一辆全新的、闪亮的 HW4 版本特斯拉 Model X,于是立刻开出去做了一次 FSD(完全自动驾驶)测试,就像我曾经连续五年几乎每天都会做的那样。

说实话,我非常震撼——它开得非常、非常出色,平稳、自信,比我之前那辆 HW3(上一代) 明显更好;而且与我九年前刚到特斯拉、第一次在 280 高速上测试时的版本相比,那时每遇到一点弯道或坡度都得人工干预,如今的系统已是天壤之别。(注:这辆车运行的是 v13 版本,我还没收到最新的 v14 更新。)

在高速公路上,我的感觉就像坐在一辆超级高科技磁悬浮舱里——车身稳稳锁在车道中央,我从 Model X 较高的视野和全景前窗眺望外面,听着令人惊叹的音响系统,或与 Grok 聊天。

在城市道路上,车辆轻松应对了几年前曾让我失眠的复杂场景:

  • 在狭窄车道中避让来车;
  • 绕过施工区和临时停靠的车辆;
  • 在两侧都有来车的情况下准确完成左转;
  • 在四向停车路口中有序让行;
  • 在拥堵车流中巧妙挤入完成转向;

超越正在上下客的公交车、同时仍然为被公交遮挡的停车标志而停下;最后在路线结束时,它绕着停车场转了一圈,找到车位,然后……自己停好。整个行程几乎完美无瑕。

作为背景,我过去每次测试都会带回至少二十段“可改进之处”的视频片段。这次我像往常一样测试,却没有发现任何问题。完美驾驶,零备注。我知道团队还有漫长的“九个 9 的征程”(极高可靠性目标)要走,但令人兴奋的是,我们现在已经超越了“单次测试找 bug”的阶段——必须从整车队数据中去挖潜问题了。

当年,我只是理性上理解“车辆自主驾驶规模化”的巨大潜力(尤其是特斯拉这种完全基于视觉、端到端的方案),而现在,只要你上路驾驶一次,就能直觉地感受到。当然啦,当一个 60 Hz 环绕视频流 被送入一颗专用的“驾驶大脑”神经网络中进行处理时,它当然能行,而且会比人类司机更好、更安全。还有谁会怀疑吗?

我上周还看了 @aelluswamy 在 ICCV 2025 上的新演讲,

其中提到了推动这一进步的部分技术组件。传感器流(视频、地图、运动学、音频等)在约 30 秒的长上下文中输入到大型神经网络,输出转向与加速度信号,可选地带有可视化辅助数据。这正是梦寐以求的 Software 1.0 → Software 2.0 的彻底重写——它完全依赖于来自数百万辆车实时数据流与芯片算力的扩展,而不是某个工程师写的新 DoubleParkedCarHandler C++ 模块(还无法确定其内存或运行时表现)。

视频里还有更多关于“机器人 + 人工智能规模化栈”的未来方向的暗示:世界重建器、世界模拟器“梦境”动力学、强化学习——所有这些都是通用、基础、神经网络驱动的组件;而汽车,其实只是机器人的一种形式。大家理解到这点了吗?

向团队致以最热烈的祝贺——

你们正在打造未来的魔法之物。

你们太棒了!

而我,爱死我的新车了 ❤️

I took delivery of a beautiful new shiny HW4 Tesla Model X today, so I immediately took it out for an FSD test drive, a bit like I used to do almost daily for 5 years. Basically... I'm amazed - it drives really, really well, smooth, confident, noticeably better than what I'm used to on HW3 (my previous car) and eons ahead of the version I remember driving up highway 280 on my first day at Tesla ~9 years ago, where I had to intervene every time the road mildly curved or sloped. (note this is v13, my car hasn't been offered the latest v14 yet)

On the highway, I felt like a passenger in some super high tech Maglev train pod - the car is locked in the center of the lane while I'm looking out from Model X's higher vantage point and its panoramic front window, listening to the (incredible) sound system, or chatting with Grok. On city streets, the car casually handled a number of tricky scenarios that I remember losing sleep over just a few years ago. It negotiated incoming cars in tight lanes, it gracefully went around construction and temporarily in-lane stationary cars, it correctly timed tricky left turns with incoming traffic from both sides, it gracefully gave way to the car that went out of order in the 4-way stop sign, it found a way to squeeze into a bumper to bumper traffic to make its turn, it overtook the bus that was loading passengers but still stopped for the stop sign that was blocked by the bus, and at the end of the route it circled around a parking lot, found a spot and... parked. Basically a flawless drive.

For context, I'm used to going out for a brief test drive around the neighborhood to return with 20 clips of things that could be improved. It's new for me to do just that and exactly like I used to, but come back with nothing. Perfect drive, no notes. I expect there's still more work for the team in the long march of 9s, but it's just so cool to see that we're beyond finding issues on any individual ~1 hour drive around the neighborhood, you actually have to go to the fleet and mine them. Back then, I processed the incredible promise of vehicle autonomy at scale (in the fully scaleable, vision only, end-to-end Tesla way) only intellectually, but now it is possible to feel it intuitively too if you just go out for a drive. Wait, of course surround video stream at 60Hz processed by a fully dedicated "driving brain" neural net will work, and it will be so much better and safer than a human driver. Did anyone else think otherwise?

I also watched @aelluswamy 's new ICCV25 talk last week that hints at some of the recent under the hood technical components driving this progress. Sensor streams (videos, maps, kinematics, audio, ...) over long contexts (e.g. ~30 seconds) go into a big neural net, steering/acceleration comes out, optionally with visualization auxiliary data. This is the dream of the complete Software 1.0 -> Software 2.0 re-write that scales fully with data streaming from millions of cars in the fleet and the compute capacity of your chip, not some engineer's clever new DoubleParkedCarHandler C++ abstraction with undefined test-time characteristics of memory and runtime. There's a lot more hints in the video on where things are going with the emerging "robotics+AI at scale stack". World reconstructors, world simulators "dreaming" dynamics, RL, all of these components general, foundational, neural net based, how the car is really just one kind of robot... are people getting this yet?

Huge congrats to the team - you're building magic objects of the future, you rock! And I love my car <3.

AITesla

相关观点